* Data from Miner JR, Burton JH: Clinical practice advisory: Emergency department procedural sedation with propofol. Ann Emerg Med 50(2):182–187.e1, 2007.doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.12.017
† Data from Miner JR, Danahy M, Moch A, Biros M: Randomized clinical trial of etomidate versus propofol for procedural sedation in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 49(1):15–22, 2007.doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.06.042
‡ Data from Horn E, Nesbit SA: Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of sedatives and analgesics. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 14(2):247–268, 2004.doi:10.1016/j.giec.2004.01.001
§ Data from Hikma.Fentanyl citrate injection [package insert].U.S. Food and Drug Administration website.019101s063lbl.pdf (fda.gov).Revised December 15, 2023.Accessed June 11, 2024 and from Brown TB, Lovato LM, Parker D: Procedural sedation in the acute care setting. Am Fam Physician 2005;71(1):85–90, 2005.
¶ Data from David H, Shipp J: A randomized controlled trial of ketamine/propofol versus propofol alone for emergency department procedural sedation. Ann Emerg Med 57(5):435–441, 2011.doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.11.025 and from Brown TB, Lovato LM, Parker D: Procedural sedation in the acute care setting. Am Fam Physician 71(1):85–90, 2005.